The Chinese term "連動式文" (liándòngshì wén), often simply called 連動文 (liándòng wén), refers to a grammatical structure in Chinese where two or more verb phrases appear in a single sentence, all sharing the same subject. These verb phrases describe a sequence of actions or describe one action as the purpose or means of another.
It's a very common and natural way to express multiple related actions in Chinese, unlike in English where we often use conjunctions like "and," "then," "in order to," or separate sentences.
Here's a breakdown of how to use it, with examples:
Core Principle:
One Subject, Multiple Verbs: All the actions in a 連動文 are performed by the same subject.
Order Matters (Usually): The verb phrases are typically arranged in the order that the actions occur, or in a logical sequence (e.g., means before purpose).
No Conjunctions Needed: The verb phrases are usually placed directly one after another, without explicit conjunctions.
Common Types and Usage:
1. Sequential Actions (動作が連続して起こる場合):
This is the most straightforward use, where one action follows another in time.
Structure: Subject + Verb Phrase 1 + Verb Phrase 2 (+ Verb Phrase 3...)
Examples:
我 去 超市 买 东西。(Wǒ qù chāoshì mǎi dōngxi.)
I go to the supermarket to buy things. (Literally: I go supermarket buy things.)
他 回家 吃 晚饭。(Tā huíjiā chī wǎnfàn.)
He goes home to eat dinner. (Literally: He return home eat dinner.)
她 看 完电影 睡觉。(Tā kàn wán diànyǐng shuìjiào.)
She finishes watching the movie and goes to sleep. (Literally: She watch finish movie sleep.)
2. Purpose or Means (後の動詞句が前の動詞句の目的や手段を表す場合):
The first verb phrase often describes how or why the second action is performed.
Structure: Subject + Means/Method Verb Phrase + Purpose Verb Phrase
Examples:
我 坐 火车 去 北京。(Wǒ zuò huǒchē qù Běijīng.)
I take the train to go to Beijing. (Means: taking train; Purpose: going to Beijing)
他 用 筷子 吃 饭。(Tā yòng kuàizi chī fàn.)
He uses chopsticks to eat rice. (Means: using chopsticks; Purpose: eating)
我 打电话 告诉 他。(Wǒ dǎ diànhuà gàosu tā.)
I call him to tell him. (Means: making a call; Purpose: telling him)
3. "有/没有" + Verb Phrase (「有/没有」が他の動詞句を修飾する場合):
When "有" (yǒu - to have) or "没有" (méiyǒu - to not have) is the first verb, the following verb phrase often describes the characteristic or purpose of what is had/not had.
Structure: Subject + 有/没有 + Noun + Verb Phrase
Examples:
我 有 时间 看 书。(Wǒ yǒu shíjiān kàn shū.)
I have time to read books.
他 没有 钱 买 手机。(Tā méiyǒu qián mǎi shǒujī.)
He doesn't have money to buy a phone.
Important Considerations:
Subject Consistency: The most crucial rule is that the subject for all actions must be the same. If the subject changes, you'll need a different grammatical structure (e.g., 兼語文 jiāngyǔwén - pivot sentence).
Time Words: If you use "了" (le - perfective aspect marker) to indicate completion, it usually appears after the last verb phrase, unless you want to emphasize the completion of an earlier action.
我去了图书馆借了两本书。(Wǒ qù le túshūguǎn jiè le liǎng běn shū.) - This is possible, but usually, the "le" comes at the end.
我去了图书馆借了两本书。(Wǒ qù túshūguǎn jiè le liǎng běn shū.) - More common. I went to the library and borrowed two books.
Negation: For negation, "不" (bù - not) or "没" (méi - not/didn't) typically comes before the first verb.
我 不 想 去 玩儿。(Wǒ bù xiǎng qù wánr.) - I don't want to go play.
他 没 去 睡觉。(Tā méi qù shuìjiào.) - He didn't go to sleep.
"来" and "去" Exception: While generally, two verbs don't directly follow each other without an object in between, "来" (lái - to come) and "去" (qù - to go) can sometimes directly precede another verb, forming a "来/去 + Verb" construction.
他们 来 玩儿。(Tāmen lái wánr.) - They come to play.
我 去 学习。(Wǒ qù xuéxí.) - I go to study.
By understanding these patterns and rules, you can effectively construct and interpret Chinese 連動文 sentences. Practice with various examples will help you master this fundamental Chinese grammar point.
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