Chinese grammar uses the 反復疑問文 (fǎnfù yíwènwén), also known as an affirmative-negative question, to ask questions by stating both the affirmative and negative forms of a verb or adjective. This construction offers a direct way to inquire about a state or action without using question particles like 吗 (ma).
Basic Structure
The fundamental structure of an affirmative-negative question is:
Verb/Adjective + 不 (bù) + Verb/Adjective
Or, for verbs with an object:
Verb + Object + 不 (bù) + Verb
Or, for certain modal verbs:
Modal Verb + 不 (bù) + Modal Verb + (Main Verb/Adjective)
Key Characteristics and Usage
1. No Question Particle 吗 (ma)
Unlike general questions that often end with 吗 (ma), affirmative-negative questions inherently carry a questioning tone and therefore do not use 吗 (ma) at the end.
Correct: 你去不去？ (Nǐ qù bu qù?) - Are you going?
Incorrect: 你去不去吗？ (Nǐ qù bu qù ma?)
2. Focus on Verification
These questions are used to verify whether a statement is true or false, or whether an action will or will not occur. They present two possibilities and ask the listener to choose one.
3. Usage with Verbs
Simple Verbs:
你吃不吃饭？ (Nǐ chī bu chī fàn?) - Are you eating (food)?
他来不来？ (Tā lái bu lái?) - Is he coming?
你喜欢不喜欢？ (Nǐ xǐhuan bu xǐhuan?) - Do you like it? (Note: For disyllabic verbs, it's common to repeat the entire verb, then 不, then the entire verb again, or just the first syllable.)
Verbs with Objects (Monosyllabic Verbs): When the verb is monosyllabic and followed by an object, the pattern is usually Verb + Object + 不 + Verb.
你吃饭不吃？ (Nǐ chī fàn bu chī?) - Are you eating (food)?
你看书不看？ (Nǐ kàn shū bu kàn?) - Are you reading (a book)?
Alternative for monosyllabic verbs with objects: Verb + 不 + Verb + Object is also common, especially in informal speech: 你吃不吃饭？ (Nǐ chī bu chī fàn?)
Verbs with Objects (Disyllabic Verbs): For disyllabic verbs with objects, the structure is typically Verb + 不 + Verb + Object.
你学习不学习汉语？ (Nǐ xuéxí bu xuéxí Hànyǔ?) - Are you studying Chinese?
你认识不认识他？ (Nǐ rènshi bu rènshi tā?) - Do you know him?
4. Usage with Adjectives
When used with adjectives, the structure is Adjective + 不 (bù) + Adjective. Note that 很 (hěn) or other adverbs of degree are usually omitted in affirmative-negative questions with adjectives.
这件衣服贵不贵？ (Zhè jiàn yīfu guì bu guì?) - Is this clothing expensive?
天气热不热？ (Tiānqì rè bu rè?) - Is the weather hot?
5. Usage with Modal Verbs
When using modal verbs (like 会 (huì) can/will, 能 (néng) can, 要 (yào) want/need, 想 (xiǎng) want/think, 可以 (kěyǐ) may/can), the affirmative-negative structure applies to the modal verb itself.
你会说不会说汉语？ (Nǐ huì shuō bu huì shuō Hànyǔ?) - Can you speak Chinese?
你能来不能来？ (Nǐ néng lái bu néng lái?) - Can you come?
你想去不想去？ (Nǐ xiǎng qù bu xiǎng qù?) - Do you want to go?
6. Usage with 有 (yǒu - to have)
The affirmative-negative form for 有 (yǒu) is 有 (yǒu) + 没有 (méiyǒu).
你有没有钱？ (Nǐ yǒu méiyǒu qián?) - Do you have money?
你有没有时间？ (Nǐ yǒu méiyǒu shíjiān?) - Do you have time?
7. Responding to Affirmative-Negative Questions
To answer, you simply repeat the affirmative or negative part of the verb/adjective.
A: 你去不去？ (Nǐ qù bu qù?) - Are you going?
B: 去。 (Qù.) - Yes, I'm going. / 不去。 (Bú qù.) - No, I'm not going.
A: 天气热不热？ (Tiānqì rè bu rè?) - Is the weather hot?
B: 热。 (Rè.) - Yes, it's hot. / 不热。 (Bú rè.) - No, it's not hot.
A: 你有没有钱？ (Nǐ yǒu méiyǒu qián?) - Do you have money?
B: 有。 (Yǒu.) - Yes, I do. / 没有。 (Méiyǒu.) - No, I don't.
8. Affirmative-Negative Questions with Adverbs
Adverbs usually precede the verb or adjective. The 不 (bù) still negates the verb/adjective.
你常常去不去图书馆？ (Nǐ chángcháng qù bu qù túshūguǎn?) - Do you often go to the library?
他很忙不忙？ (Tā hěn máng bu máng?) - Is he very busy? (Although 很 is usually omitted, it can be present to emphasize "very" busy, if the nuance is about the degree of business).
Comparison with Other Question Forms
vs. 吗 (ma) Questions
Affirmative-negative questions are often more direct and imply that the speaker is seeking a simple yes/no confirmation.
吗 (ma) questions are more general and can sometimes be perceived as softer or more polite, though this can depend on intonation.
你吃饭吗？ (Nǐ chī fàn ma?) - Are you eating? (General question)
你吃不吃饭？ (Nǐ chī bu chī fàn?) - Are you eating or not? (Direct confirmation)
vs. Question Word Questions (e.g., 什么, 谁)
Affirmative-negative questions are for yes/no answers.
Question word questions seek specific information.
你吃什么？ (Nǐ chī shénme?) - What are you eating? (Asks for specific food)
你吃不吃饭？ (Nǐ chī bu chī fàn?) - Are you eating? (Yes/no answer about the act of eating)
Understanding the affirmative-negative question structure is crucial for natural and effective communication in Chinese, as it's a very common and versatile way to ask questions.
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