In Chinese grammar, "比較表現 (bǐjiào biǎoxiàn)" refers to comparative structures, used to compare two or more things in terms of their attributes or actions. The primary particles used for comparison are 比 (bǐ), 跟…一样 (gēn...yīyàng), 没有 (méiyǒu), and 更 (gèng)/最 (zuì).
1. Comparisons of Inequality: 比 (bǐ) - "A is more...than B"
The most common way to express inequality in Chinese is using 比 (bǐ).
Basic Structure:
A + 比 (bǐ) + B + Adjective/Verb
This structure means "A is more [adjective] than B" or "A does [verb] more [adverbially] than B."
Examples with Adjectives:
他比我高。(Tā bǐ wǒ gāo.) - He is taller than me.
北京比上海大。(Běijīng bǐ Shànghǎi dà.) - Beijing is bigger than Shanghai.
今天比昨天热。(Jīntiān bǐ zuótiān rè.) - Today is hotter than yesterday.
Examples with Verbs (often with manner complements):
他跑比我快。(Tā pǎo bǐ wǒ kuài.) - He runs faster than me. (Literally: He runs compared to me fast.)
她学习比我努力。(Tā xuéxí bǐ wǒ nǔlì.) - She studies harder than me.
Expressing Degree of Difference:
You can add adverbs or phrases after the adjective/verb to specify how much more or less.
A + 比 (bǐ) + B + Adjective + 一点儿 (yīdiǎnr) / 一些 (yīxiē) (a little bit)
他比我高一点儿。(Tā bǐ wǒ gāo yīdiǎnr.) - He is a little bit taller than me.
A + 比 (bǐ) + B + Adjective + 得多 (de duō) / 很多 (hěn duō) (much more)
北京比上海大得多。(Běijīng bǐ Shànghǎi dà de duō.) - Beijing is much bigger than Shanghai.
A + 比 (bǐ) + B + Adjective + (具体的数量) (jùtǐ de shùliàng) (specific quantity)
他比我高五厘米。(Tā bǐ wǒ gāo wǔ límǐ.) - He is five centimeters taller than me.
Negative Comparisons with 比 (bǐ):
To say "A is not as...as B" using 比 (bǐ), you generally negate the adjective or verb. However, it's more common to use 没有 (méiyǒu) for this specific meaning (see section 3).
If you use 不 with 比, it usually means "A is not taller than B" but doesn't necessarily mean shorter.
他不比我高。(Tā bù bǐ wǒ gāo.) - He is not taller than me (could be same height or shorter).
2. Comparisons of Equality: 跟...一样 (gēn...yīyàng) - "A is as...as B"
To express that two things are the same in a certain aspect, use 跟 (gēn)...一样 (yīyàng). 和 (hé) or 同 (tóng) can also be used instead of 跟 (gēn).
Basic Structure:
A + 跟 (gēn) + B + 一样 (yīyàng) + (Adjective)
他跟我一样高。(Tā gēn wǒ yīyàng gāo.) - He is as tall as me.
这件衣服跟那件一样贵。(Zhè jiàn yīfu gēn nà jiàn yīyàng guì.) - This piece of clothing is as expensive as that one.
她做的菜跟妈妈做的一样好吃。(Tā zuò de cài gēn māma zuò de yīyàng hǎochī.) - The dishes she cooks are as delicious as my mom's. (Note the
的before一样when comparing actions or complex phrases).
Negative Form: 不一样 (bù yīyàng) - "A is not as...as B" / "A is different from B"
Simply place 不 (bù) before 一样 (yīyàng).
他跟我不一样高。(Tā gēn wǒ bù yīyàng gāo.) - He is not as tall as me. / He is not the same height as me.
这件衣服跟那件不一样贵。(Zhè jiàn yīfu gēn nà jiàn bù yīyàng guì.) - This piece of clothing is not as expensive as that one.
3. Comparisons of Inferiority: 没有 (méiyǒu) - "A is not as...as B"
To specifically state that something is less or not as good as something else, use 没有 (méiyǒu).
Basic Structure:
A + 没有 (méiyǒu) + B + Adjective
This means "A is not as [adjective] as B."
我没有他高。(Wǒ méiyǒu tā gāo.) - I am not as tall as him. (Implying I am shorter).
上海没有北京大。(Shànghǎi méiyǒu Běijīng dà.) - Shanghai is not as big as Beijing. (Implying Shanghai is smaller).
他跑没有我快。(Tā pǎo méiyǒu wǒ kuài.) - He doesn't run as fast as me. (Implying he runs slower).
No Degree Adverbs:
Adverbs like 很 (hěn) or 非常 (fēicháng) are generally not used with 没有 (méiyǒu) comparisons.
Incorrect: 我没有他很高。
Correct: 我没有他高。
4. Superlative and Advanced Comparisons: 更 (gèng) and 最 (zuì)
更 (gèng) - Even More / More
更 (gèng) means "even more" or "more." It's used to show an increased degree, often in contrast to a previous statement or a general expectation.
Structure: A + 更 (gèng) + Adjective/Verb
他很高，他弟弟更高。(Tā hěn gāo, tā dìdi gèng gāo.) - He is tall, his younger brother is even taller.
今天比昨天热，明天会更热。(Jīntiān bǐ zuótiān rè, míngtiān huì gèng rè.) - Today is hotter than yesterday, tomorrow will be even hotter.
最 (zuì) - Most
最 (zuì) means "most" and is used to indicate the highest degree among a group.
Structure: 最 (zuì) + Adjective/Verb
他是我班上最高的学生。(Tā shì wǒ bān shàng zuì gāo de xuéshēng.) - He is the tallest student in my class.
这是我最喜欢吃的菜。(Zhè shì wǒ zuì xǐhuan chī de cài.) - This is my favorite dish to eat.
他跑得最快。(Tā pǎo de zuì kuài.) - He runs the fastest.
Summary of Key Comparison Structures:
| Structure | Meaning | Example |
| A 比 B + Adj. | A is more Adj. than B | 他比我高。(He is taller than me.) |
| A 跟 B 一样 + (Adj.) | A is as Adj. as B | 他跟我一样高。(He is as tall as me.) |
| A 没有 B + Adj. | A is not as Adj. as B | 我没有他高。(I am not as tall as him.) |
| A + 更 + Adj. | A is even more Adj. | 他更高。(He is even taller.) |
| 最 + Adj. | Most Adj. / The Adj.-est | 他最高。(He is the tallest.) |
Mastering these comparative structures is essential for expressing nuanced relationships and degrees in Chinese sentences.
0 件のコメント:
コメントを投稿