In Chinese grammar, 様態補語 (yàngtài bǔyǔ), or complement of manner/state, describes how an action is performed or the resultant state of the action. It uses the structural particle 得 (de) to connect the verb (or adjective) to the complement that elaborates on the manner or degree.
Basic Structure
The core structure of a complement of manner/state is:
Verb/Adjective + 得 (de) + Complement (describing manner/state)
This complement can be:
An adjective
An adverbial phrase
A short clause
Key Characteristics and Usage
1. The Structural Particle 得 (de)
The particle 得 (de) is crucial. It acts as a link, indicating that the following part describes the way the action is done or the state achieved by the action. It's pronounced with a neutral tone (de).
2. Describing the Manner of Action
This is the most common use. The complement explains how well, how quickly, how loudly, etc., the action is performed.
他跑得很快。(Tā pǎo de hěn kuài.)
He runs fast. (Describes how he runs)
她说汉语得很好。(Tā shuō Hànyǔ de hěn hǎo.)
She speaks Chinese very well. (Describes how she speaks Chinese)
他高兴得跳起来了。(Tā gāoxìng de tiào qǐlái le.)
He was so happy that he jumped up. (Describes the extent of his happiness leading to an action)
3. Describing the Resultant State
The complement can also describe the state or result achieved by the action.
他累得不想说话。(Tā lèi de bù xiǎng shuōhuà.)
He was so tired that he didn't want to talk. (Describes the state of being tired resulting from an action or situation)
我忙得没时间吃饭。(Wǒ máng de méi shíjiān chīfàn.)
I am so busy that I don't have time to eat. (Describes the state of being busy resulting in no time for food)
4. Handling Objects in Sentences with Complements of Manner
When a sentence has both a verb and an object, there are two common ways to structure it:
a) Repeat the Verb: This is the most common and grammatically standard way. The verb is repeated before the complement of manner.
他踢足球踢得很好。(Tā tī zúqiú tī de hěn hǎo.)
He plays soccer very well.
(Verb + Object) + (Repeated Verb) + 得 + Complement
b) Place the Object Before the Verb (using 把 bǎ): Less common for this specific complement, but possible in certain contexts for emphasis.
他把足球踢得很好。(Tā bǎ zúqiú tī de hěn hǎo.)
He plays soccer very well. (Emphasizes the handling of the soccer ball)
c) Place the Object at the Beginning (as a topic):
足球他踢得很好。(Zúqiú tā tī de hěn hǎo.)
Soccer, he plays very well. (The object "soccer" is topicalized)
5. Negative Form
To negate a complement of manner, 不 (bù) or 没 (méi) is placed before the complement. The 得 (de) particle remains.
他跑得不快。(Tā pǎo de bú kuài.)
He doesn't run fast.
他说汉语得不好。(Tā shuō Hànyǔ de bù hǎo.)
He doesn't speak Chinese well.
他累得没法工作。(Tā lèi de méi fǎ gōngzuò.)
He was so tired that he couldn't work.
6. Interrogative Form
To form a question about the manner or state, you can use:
a) Question Word (e.g., 怎么样 zěnmeyàng):
他跑得怎么样？ (Tā pǎo de zěnmeyàng?)
How does he run? / How well does he run?
他说汉语得怎么样？ (Tā shuō Hànyǔ de zěnmeyàng?)
How does he speak Chinese? / How well does he speak Chinese?
b) Affirmative-Negative Form: The affirmative-negative structure is applied to the complement itself.
他跑得快不快？ (Tā pǎo de kuài bu kuài?)
Does he run fast or not?
他说汉语得好不好？ (Tā shuō Hànyǔ de hǎo bu hǎo?)
Does he speak Chinese well or not?
7. Adjectives as Main Predicates with 得 (de)
When an adjective is the main predicate and is followed by a complement of manner, it describes the degree or result of that state.
他高兴得哭了。(Tā gāoxìng de kū le.)
He was so happy that he cried.
我饿得头晕。(Wǒ è de tóuyūn.)
I'm so hungry that I'm dizzy.
Common Adverbs Used in Complements
Adverbs like 很 (hěn), 非常 (fēicháng), 太 (tài), 真 (zhēn) are frequently used within the complement to indicate degree.
他写字写得****非常漂亮。(Tā xiězì xiě de fēicháng piàoliang.)
He writes characters very beautifully.
她穿衣服穿得****太时髦了。(Tā chuān yīfu chuān de tài shímáo le.)
She dresses too fashionably.
Analogy
Think of "得 (de)" as a bridge that connects an action (or a state) to a description of how that action is performed or what state results from it.
Understanding the 様態補語 (yàngtài bǔyǔ) is essential for expressing nuances in action and state in Chinese, allowing for much richer descriptions than simple verb-adjective combinations.
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